Chapter 4 lectures 05 09 the global energy system i. Maxwells equations page 1 maxwells equations page 2 maxwells equations page 3. The background is a light color, so printing black. Lecture notes prepared by mike foster spring 2007 solar radiation sources. Based on the lecture notes, a textbook entitled physics of solar energy is to be published. At the end of this lecture, students are expected to.
Lecture notes massachusetts institute of technology. For each lecture, the powerpoint file is available, along with a fullcolor 4slideperpage pdf version. Storage, conversion, transmission and radiation pdf 7. In most practical cases, they are identical in construction with different feedings. Carbone 2001 exercises for weather and climate, 4th edition, lab 2 all of the information received by a satellite about the earth and its atmosphere comes in the. Energy production 85% of energy is generated using fossil fuels. Pyranometer is a type of actinometer used to measure solar irradiance. Solar radiation brightness temperature t b with b t b i sun, or t b b 1i sun. After discussing the basics in chapter 6, we elaborate on the different generation and recombination mechanisms in chapter 7 and introduce different types of semiconductor junctions in chapter 8.
As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed, scattered and reflected by air molecules, water vapour, cloud, dust, and pollutants from power plants, forest fires, and volcanoes. Fossil fuels fossil fuel energy is derived from the stability of the product molecules of combustion co2 and h2o relative to the hydrocarbon and o2. Energy interactions with the atmosphere dictates the spectral regions through which only we. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The relevant theoretical considerations cia zadiation, solar. Intro to the quantum, energy quantization pdf energy in chemical systems and processes, flow of co 2 pdf 4.
Atoms are a million times thinner than a single strand of human hair, and are composed of even smaller particles some of which are electrically charged. Solar system science lecture notes and downloads max. Mit opencourseware makes the materials used in the teaching of almost all of mits subjects available on the web, free of charge. Part of the book manuscript is already available for e4 students. Solar resource availability, insolation, atmospheric absorption, direct and diffuse radiation, angular dependence, seasonal variability. Solar radiation can be very damaging to materials and equipment stored and used outdoors. Clearday global radiation represents the global radiation obtainable under clear skies. Belessiotis laboratory for solar and other energy systems, national center for scientific research demokritos, greece keywords. The course notes are available both as one file, and broken into chapters. Thekaekara goddard space flight center, greenbelt, maryland a absihact a survey has been made or the aata currently available on solar constant and the spectral distrlbution of the solar radiant flux. Some is absorbed by gases and clouds in the atmosphere. Milstd810, method 505 is designed to evaluate materials as they are exposed to the radiation and heating effects of direct exposure to sunlight. Lecture notes fundamentals of photovoltaics mechanical. Lecture notes on renewable energy sources subject code.
The amount of energy put out by the sun is a constant. Basic laws of radiation all objects emit radiant energy. It equals the gas temperature where the radiation escapes when that radiation is given by the planck function for that temperature. Silicon solar cells have the property that the light current approx. Phd doctoral dissertation theses in solar system science. Options for harnessing solar energy thermal, catalysis, combined technologies, photovoltaic, and their respective current and projected costspotential, compared to traditional. Solar radiation and seasons spectrum of radiation intensity and peak wavelength of radiation solar shortwave radiation. Click on the topic of interest to go directly there, or scroll down through all of the topics. The amount of solar energy reaching the earth is 70 percent.
All life has evolved in an environment filled with radiation. The solar radiation data in this manual are based on the national solar radiation data base nsrdb,version 1. With more than 2,200 courses available, ocw is delivering on the promise of open sharing of knowledge. Albedo, clearness of sky, ecliptic, electromagnetic spectrum, extraterrestrial radiation, incident radiation, insolation contents 1. What is the state of the electromagnetic em eld in equilibrium with its surroundings at temperature t. Lecture 5 blackbody radiation energy balance authorstream presentation. Chapter 6 the solar system university of texas at austin. Energy interactions with atmosphere and earth surface.
Converts shortwave radiation into heat photothermal conversion function of radiation absorption is carried out by a type of absorber material with quite a high absorption capacity within the luminous spectrum low emission capacity, is aimed for in the thermal radiation wave spectrum. This section contains course notes, a handout, and selected lecture slides. Biometeorology, espm 129, solar radiation transfer through vegetation, ii 8 where a is an attenuation coefficient, b is a scattering coefficient, and c is a coefficient for the conversion of direct into downwarddirected diffuse radiation. Each antenna in an array is called an element antenna or simply an element. The forces at work in radiation are revealed upon examining the structure of atoms. Formation of the solar wind aims, learning outcomes, and overview aim. Some of this radiation escapes directly through the atmosphere to space, thus cooling the planet. This equation shows how change in downward directed sunlight is diminished by the amount of diffuse. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. The incoming solar radiation is known as insolation. When we will make reference to total solar radiation we will notuse any subscript. You can find a few questions on the solar system in many competitive recruitment exams like railways rrb, ssc cgl, sbi po, sbi clerk, ibps clerk, and ibps po. Moon, stars, mercury, venus, mars, jupiter, saturn, comets, and meteors. Energy interactions with atmosphere and earth surface summary electromagnetic radiation emr or energy interactions with atmosphere and with the earth surface play a vital role in remote sensing.
Solar radiation hand book 2008 a joint project of solar energy centre, mnre indian metrological department. Lecture 9 solar radiation transfer through vegetation part. Solar radiation that reaches to the surface of earth without being diffused is called direct beam radiation. The energy travels outward from the sun in straight lines. Several pages of note on maxwells equations are in my lecture notes in the binder in the mathphysics library, and available below in scanned jpeg form. Conduction, convection, radiation electromagnetic radiation emr types. Imprs astrophysics phd position advertisements, imprs posters. Wald encyclopedia of life support systems eolss over the whole spectrum is called total radiation or broadband radiation.
Ultraviolet, visible, infrared blackbody radiation 2. Utilizability analyses are general, systemindependent, and can be easily used to compare the use of shortterm solar radiation data to hourly data, without the need to do specific system simulations. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. The diffuse radiation data in the tables do not include the.
Solar system has 165 moons, one star, eight planets added uranus and neptune, eight asteroids and more than 100 kuiper belt objects more than 300 km in diameter, smaller asteroids, comets, and meteoroids 6. Lecture 5 blackbody radiation energy balance authorstream. Heat radiation, though not visible, is felt when you hold out your hand near a warm object. The earths surface emits lw radiation at temperatures warm relative to the top of the atmosphere. Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects per unit area. The solar radiation the energy flow within the sun results in a surface temperature of around 5800 k so the spectrum ofaround 5800 k, so the spectrum of the radiation from the sun is similar to that of a 5800 k blackbody wmo. Solar radiation hand book 2008 india environment portal. Water vapor and dust account for 16 percent of the energy absorbed. As solar radiation travels through space, a part of it is intercepted by the surrounding planets. Please refer to official course syllabus and schedule.
Electrical engineering & eee department of electrical engineering, veer surendra sai university of technology burla page 2 disclaimer this document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for. Lecture 5, solar radiation, part 1, principles instructor. The earth is not the only planet that receives solar radiation. The energy flow within the sun results in a surface temperature of around 5800 k, so the spectrum of the radiation from the sun is similar to that of a 5800 k blackbody with fine structure due to absorption in the cool peripheral solar gas fraunhofer lines. Ee522 notes 5 antenna array university of kentucky. Unesco eolss sample chapters solar energy conversion and photoenergy systems vol. Role and potential of new and renewable source, the solarenergy option, environmental impact of solar power, physics of the sun, the solar constant, extraterrestrialand terrestrial solar radiation, solar radiation on titled surface, instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shine, solar radiation data. The sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation fig. Dennis baldocchi professor of biometeorology ecosystem science division department of environmental science, policy and management 345 hilgard hall university of california, berkeley berkeley, ca 94720 september 12, 2014 this set of lectures will discuss a.
Nuclear, biomass and hydroelectric make up most of the rest. The elements in an array can be the same or different. Differences between the two versions are described briefly in the appendix. Sustainable energy science and engineering center solar. Since there is no singlevolume textbook on this topic, lecture notes in powerpoint form will be compiled and distributed. Lecture notes quantum theory of radiation interactions. Purchase an introduction to solar radiation 1st edition. Liou 2002 an introduction to atmospheric radiation, chapter 1, 2 s. Radiation transfer is also a major way of energy transfer between the atmosphere and the underlying surface and between different layers of the atmosphere. The atmospheric gases and clouds emit lw radiation in all directions. Solar system gk notes in pdf our little corner of the universe is called the solar system. The surface of the earth absorbs 51 percent of the insolation. Questions on the solar system funnily turn up in both geography and science.
Citations 0 references 151 researchgate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. Data analysis shortterm variations in solar radiation data have not been. So the further away that a planet is from the sun then the less radiation it receives. Radiation from the sun sustains life on earth and determines climate. To describe the theory for the origin of the solar wind, and to introduce some of the observational and theoretical characteristics of the wind. An introduction, chapter 3 the sun nearly all of the energy that the earth receives and that drives the ocean and atmosphere. Where i is the intensity of radiation at one d andd is the distance traveled radiation from the sun is lessened by the inverse square law as it reaches further and further away from the sun.
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